Iban Battuta Essays - Ibn Battuta, Mujaddid, Travelers, Moors

Iban Battuta Ross Dunn/Travels of Ibn Battuta A 5 page analysis of The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century by Ross Dunn. The writer relates how Dunn uses the accounts of Abu Abdallah Ibn Battuta to bring alive the Muslim world of the Middle Ages. No additional sources cited. Filename: 99ibn.wps Ibn Battuta: The Man and His Perceptions A 5 page discussion of Ibn Battuta, the great explorer of the 1300s. Concludes that although Battuta traveled over 75,000 miles during his lifetime, largely on foot or by horseback, he allowed his own cultural norms and perceptions to dim his understanding of the cultures and people he met. Bibliography lists 2 sources. Filename: PPbattut.wps Ibn Battuta: His Travels and Perceptions An 8 page outline of the extensive travels of this Islamic intellectual in the fourteenth century. Recounts his perceptions of the people and the cultures which he encounters, perceptions which were shaped for the most part by his own Islamic background. Bibliography lists 2 sources. Filename: PPbattuS.wps Lessons for the Leaders of the World This 5 page paper looks at the three popular literary works Gilgamesh, Oedipus and Hayy Ibn Yaqzan and relates them to the role world leaders play. The common thread in these works is the importance of public opinion. Contemporary examples of actual leaders are also discussed. Bibliography lists 3 sources. Filename: SA43Lead.wps The History Of Islamic Capture Of Spain 15 pages in length. At the time when Spain was converted to Islam, North African armies were instrumental in initiating the centuries-long Moorish epoch. Seven eleven was the year that Tarik ibn Zizad and his army of twelve thousand soldiers entered Spain. The Berber and Tangier governor arrived as guests of a Visigothic clan in order to add their support to King Roderic's impending ascension; however, when the king ultimately met his fate while in battle, he left Spain without a leader. The writer discusses the occurrences after the Islamic capture of Spain. Bibliography lists 8 sources. Filename: IslamSpn.wps Mythology Essays

Global Title Translation Essays

Global Title Translation Essays Global Title Translation Essay Global Title Translation Essay SS7 Tutorial Global Title Copryright SS8 Networks 2002 Before we get deeply into the subject of Global Title, it might help to get a very broad view of exactly what Global Title is. Simply defined, it is an address. But it is not an address of a node in the SS7 network (DPC, SSN). Instead, it is an alias for such an address that needs to be translated into an SS7 network address. With that definition out of the way, let’s quickly review what we know about SS7 addressing in general. To begin with, each User Part approaches addressing in a different way. The MTP (Message Transfer Part) has a job that is limited to reliably transferring messages over the links in a link set. That is, MTP only cares about the address of the node at the other end of the links it is tending. Therefore the only addressing the MTP requires is the SPC (Signalling Point Code) of the node at the end of its links. MTP sees this address as the Destination Point Code (DPC) of all messages it sends over the links. The only concern MTP has for any other location in the network is to be able to make use of the final destination of the message to help it pick out one link set from all the available linksets as the best one to use for sending the message. This is what MTP routing is all about. ISUP addressing is different. In normal Call Control use, ISUP addresses a switch at the other end of its trunk connections. For the SS7, this too means using a Destination Point Code (DPC). : But the switch ISUP talks to (which is the next switch in a circuit being set up or torn down) is not necessarily (and really not likely) to be located at the other end of its own SS7 links. The job of addressing all other locations falls to the SCCP. Actually SCCP could be used to address the same switching locations as ISUP. If it were used in this way, SCCP could be used for end-to-end signal routing in conjunction with ISUP. But since the usual switch-to-switch routing of ISUP provides complete circuit information for all switches along the voice path, SCCP is rarely used in this way. Like the other User Parts, SCCP can, and does, make use of DPC. This address alone can be used to get a message to any node in the global SS7 network in the same way that a telephone number can be used to address any telephone in the global telephone network. But SCCP addressing needs to go beyond this method of addressing. The reason is that at each DPC there is a â€Å"system† operating. That system may be a Call Control application or a database or some other program of some type. The problem is that within that system there may be multiple applications running. Thus a Signalling Point Code (which is addressed as a Destination Point Code) may be the home of both a Credit Card Database and an 800 Number Database. Using the DPC as the SS7 address will get the message delivered to the â€Å"system† but it won’t get the message delivered to the appropriate database application. For this purpose, a separate identifier of a system within the system is required. That identifier is the Subsystem Number (SSN). It may be tempting to think of SSN as a database identifier. And, indeed, an SSN will be applied to a database even when only one database application is available at a specified DPC. But, avoid the temptation. The truth is that SSN is also used to sub-address any location at which multiple applications are running. For example, a switch offering several features may use SSN to separately identify each feature. Think of SSN as simply an application identifier. That brings us to what you came for. The third addressing mechanism employed by SCCP is the Global Title, You might say this is the address used when the location requiring information doesn’t know the address. A Global Title implies the need for translation. Before you become too confused, let’s try an example. If you dial an 800 number, the switch to which you are connected becomes more confused than you are right now. The reason is that every number to which the switch can route has a geographical reference which the switch maintains in its own routing table. In North America, the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) provides the clues for that routing. So, for example, if you dial a â€Å"1† first, the switch knows it must make a connection to a long distance switch. The long distance switch will choose from among its connections to route the call into the region suggested by the area code. Then the routing goes to the switch in the appropriate exchange code. And, finally, that switch selects the appropriate line number. But you may have dialed 1-800-FLY-AWAY. The numbering plan is useless. The switch can’t even begin to make a connection. Instead, it sends a request into the SS7 network which essentially asks, ‘Will someone look this number up in an 800 database and translate it into an NANP number that I can route? Such a number is returned and the switch proceeds as if that number had been dialed in the first place. The switch can always get the information from such a database as long as it has the DPC and SSN of the 800 Number application in its SS7 routing table. But, therein lies a problem. Every day, new services are deployed into the SS7 network around the world. Some of them are proprietary and are, therefore, accessible on ly to the switches in the same proprietary network. Others are intended to be offered to other networks for a fee. So, here is the problem. If a service becomes universally available, does that mean that every switch on the planet needs to add the location (DPC) and identifier (SSN) to its SS7 routing table? Obviously if that were the case new services would spread slowly; and each switch would have to maintain huge tables of routing information. A better answer is to keep that information at a much more limited number of locations in the network (such as STPs) and allow the switches to identify their requests for information without identifying where, or from what applications the information can be retrieved. That means that when a switch wants a translation, it need only identify the nature of the translation needed (for example, 800 number to NANP number) and send the request to a location whose routing table tells it where such translations can be performed. A single location in the routing table of the switch (such a location as an STP) may serve to provide 800 Number translations, 900 number translations, Credit Card validation, etc. Even the first location which receives the request does not have to maintain a routing table of all locations on the globe. Instead, it may have a table which indicates that all requests in several similar categories should be sent to one location while requests in other categories can be sent somewhere else. All of this is possible because, with Global Title requests, the originator of the request does not need to know where or what application can provide the answer to the request. Global Title has even more uses. For example, the STP may be able to send Dialed Digit translation requests to either of two databases at two different database nodes. The receipt of a Prohibited signal (indicating the database is unavailable) from he SCCP at one of the database locations can tell the STP to change its lookup to another Global Title Table. The translation there, in turn, can result in address information used to send queries to the backup location The drawing below will illustrate the concept (but obviously not the coding) of Global Title queries. With the concepts firmly implanted we’ll move on to the actual coding. G Ro S7 S uti ng ou TR g t in r be um 0n : 80 es to nd ri Se q ue 00 -20 10 r be um 0 n to: 80 s n d rie -05 Se que 20 10 3 C 2 DP N 1 SS 10-20-00 80 GT 9 29 0 35 29 ? 8 GT SSP ? se 91 Respon 4 452 71 71 s Re ns po 00 359 292 0 1-80 A FLY WAY ? As an alias addressing mechanism, Global Title can obviate the need for ubiquitous ponderous routing tables. (Actually I just said that to see if you were still awake). It can also hide network assets and provide greater control for conditional rerouting requirements. e9 14 45 27 17 1 SCP 10-20-05 SSN 123 Perhaps the biggest mystery surrounding the use of Global title is the meaning of each of the fields in a Global Title message. We’ll try to destroy that mystery next. Calling/Called Party Address To begin with, this contains all of the information required to identify the originator and the intended destination of the message. To understand why these values are important it might help to examine the way in which a Global Title request travels around the SS7 network. 1. An SSP receives dialed digits which it cannot use to route a call in the PSTN (e. g. an 800 number). 2. The switch consults its SS7 routing information to determine where to send the numbers for translation. If there is no information about the SS7 location of the translation table, the query may be sent to an intermediate STP whose routing table indicates where to send queries for translation. The message from the originating witch contains fields to indicate the full nature of the query. Address Indicator Foretells the type of addressing information to be found in the address field. This can be a single type of address or any combination of the address types Signalling Point Code, Global Title (e. g. Dialed Digits) and Subsystem Number. This field tells the receiving node what kind of addressing information to look for. The following tabl e indicates the significance of each of the bits in the octet with the bits numbered in the order in which they are sent/received. 8 7 6 5 3 2 1 Network Routing Indicator Indicator (Nat/Int) Global Title Indicator Point SSN Code Indicator Indicator Bits of the Address Indicator The following tables list the contents of the Address Indicator bit by bit and indicate the significance of bit placement within the octet. Bits #1-2 xxxxxxx1 xxxxxx1x Signifies: The address contains an SSN The address contains an SPC Bits #3-6 xx0000xx xx0001xx xx0010xx Signifies: No Global Title included Global Title Includes Translation Type, Numbering Plan and Encoding Scheme Global Title Includes Translation Type Only three possible combinations of bits 3 through 6 are given in the table because the remaining combinations are either spares for National/International networks, are unassigned in the U. S. , or are reserved for future use. Since multiple address elements may be used, bit #7 is used to identify which of these elements should be used for routing, Bit #7 x0xxxxxx x1xxxxxx Signifies: An SCCP translation is required. Therefore routing should be based on the Global Title in the address. An SCCP translation is not required. Therefore, routing should be based on the DPC (found in the Routing Label) and the SSN (found in the Called Party Address. Bit 8 is used to identify the address as national or international as shown in the following table. Bit #8 0xxxxxxx 1xxxxxxx Signifies: Both the address indicator and the address are coded according to international specifications. Both the address indicator and the address are coded according to national specifications. At this point it might be helpful to further explore both the Address Indicator and the actual Calling/Called Party Address. In the text preceding these tables we spoke of the actual address before we spoke of the Address Indicator. We did this in the hope of helping you to understand the need for the Address Indicator. In the message itself, the Indicator comes first. This allows the receiving side to determine how it must interpret the data in the Address before it has seen that data. Following the Address Indicator comes the actual Called/ Calling Party addressing. As can be seen from the Global Title Fields of the Address Indicator, the first octet of the Address may be a Translation Type. The next octets may be a Signaling Point Code, and the final octets may be the actual Global Title Address itself. We have repeatedly use the word may here because, as you can see from the Address Indicator, the Address may not even be a Global Title. As you can also see from the indicator, when Global Title is present, it may contain a Translation Type, a Numbering Plan, and an Encoding Scheme. We’ll examine these values next. Remember that we started by defining Global Title as an address. Subsystem Number and Signaling Point Code are also addresses. The difference is that the Global Title is an address of variable length and, perhaps of variable format which requires translation. For example, the Global Title may be the digits that were dialed which the switch was unable to use because they were not in North American Numbering Plan format. Global Title Format Following a Global Title Indicator value of 0001 In the Address Indicator Address Information N u m b e r i n g P l a n E n c o d i n g S c h e m e Translation Type Octet 3 Octet 2 ( above) Octet 1 A glance back at bits 3-6 in the Address Indicator should serve to remind you that it can indicate there is no Global Title Address in the message. It can also indicate that there is a Global Title Address and that the address includes a Translation Type. Or, it can indicate that there is a Global Title Address and that the address includes Global Title Translation Type, Numbering Plan and Encoding Scheme The previous paragraph contains some of the terms which seem to provide some of the greatest confusion over Global Title. You now have most of the information you need to understand Global Title. With a little luck, if we can clear up these final mysterious terms, all the pieces of Global Title should finally fall into place. Translation Type Global Title can be used in numerous ways. Therefore the possibility for many different applications requiring Global Title Addressing also exists. Such applications may be unique to a specific network, or they may be in use so generally that they are common to numerous networks. When the services of an application in one network are requested at a location outside that networking, certain internetworking applications may also be involved to transport requests and responses between networks. For example, telephone calls can be charged using cards issued by service providers or by banks and other types of financial institutions. The caller is required to enter a PIN number when making the call so that an application can validate the card through a database application. This is such a common application that the ANSI standard of 1996 has defined it as the Identification Card Application Group and has assigned to the Translation Type byte the value of 00000001 (decimal 1) Other applications are becoming universally available, and, a a result both the most recent ANSI and ITU standards are beginning to assign values for these services so that they may be used as standardized values across the SS7 network at large. SCP assisted services (such as 800 number translations) are another group of universal services which have been assigned their own Translation Types. Despite the growth of such commonly used services, the standards organizations have resisted the temptation to assign all 256 values which can be represented by the Translation Type byte. Indeed, under the ANSI standard an entire range of values (11000000 to 11111001) have been set aside for internal network usage. The table on the next page identifies the assignments in the ANSI standard. Translation Type Coding Decimal Value 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 to 31 32 192 to 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 Notes: reserved* The value 253 has been used for network specific applications as well as for the 14 digit Calling Card application while the value 251 has been used for both network specific applications and for the Call Management application. ** The value 254 is already in use for some internetwork applications such as 800 service. Network providers not using this value are cautioned to consider potential conflicts before employing the same value for network specific applications. Byte Values 00000000 00000001 00000010 00000011 00000100 00000101 00000110 00000111 00001000 Application/Translation Group reserved Identification Cards reserved* Cellular Nationwide Roaming Service Global Title = Point Code Calling Name Delivery reserved* Message Waiting SCP Assisted Call Processing 00001001 to 00011111 Internetwork Applications 00100000 spare 11000000 to 11111001 Network Specific Applications 11111010 11111011 11111100 11111101 11111110 11111111 Network Specific Applications reserved* Network Specific Applications reserved* ** reserved Encoding Scheme With the actual address value data coming up, the receiving node needs to recognize how many digits it should look for and how to translate these values from the binary code. These four bits present that information. Code 0000 0001 Unknown Signifies: The address has an odd number of digits and should be converted to decimal values using Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) conversion. The address has an odd number of digits and should be converted to decimal values using Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) conversion. 011 to 1111 Spare The only remaining date preceding the actual address is the numbering plan (such as NANP) identifier. The purpose of this tutorial has been to explore the concept, use and coding of Global Title. In the course of doing this, we have not examined the entire SCCP message formatting of which Global Title is a part. Our reference here has been the ANSI T1. 112-96 Recommendations. For more information on the products on this page, visit our home page at ss8. com or come to adc-adapts. com SMserverâ„ ¢ Short Message Service Center (SMSC) for GSM and IS41 wireless networks. OTAserverâ„ ¢ Over-the-Air Service Provisioning (OTASP) for CDMA and TDMA wireless networks. CALEAserverâ„ ¢ SS8 offers the solution that allows carriers to meet Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) requirements today. Signaling Gateway There are a lot of gateways. But SS8’s distributed environment and high performance make for a stand-out in the field. Distributed7â„ ¢ SS8’s latest generation of SS7 development platforms is designed for high availability carrier applications. The clustered multi-host architecture enables SS7 to run on multiple computers simultaneously under a single SS7 point code. Distributed7 takes SS7 reliability beyond fault tolerant platforms. Connect7â„ ¢ Host independent controller board embedded with full Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) functionality. Easy7â„ ¢ The ideal link concentration solution for smaller networks. This mini-STP can be in the same room with multiple SS7 signaling points with the result that fewer SS7 links can handle your network traffic. For some, the pay-back can be astonishingly short.

Evaluation of leadership theories Research Proposal

Evaluation of leadership theories - Research Proposal Example From this research it is clear that for an effective leadership within an organization, the situational theory points out that the leader should be in a position of adjusting the situation and circumstances at the organization. Under the Hersey and Blanchard’s situational theory of leadership, a team develops from the immaturity stage to the maturity stage during which leadership style and management tend to develop progressively. Fiedler’s contingency model is another type of leadership style that is applicable to the CCS Group based in London. This particular theory indicates that there is no one leading style that can make leadership effective. This style of leadership tends to be effective in the CCS Group since it has helped in the improvement of the performance quality of the organization. The leadership of the CCS Group is normally linked to its performance. According to the theory, there is a concern to assess the traits of the leader if the organization needs t o be successful through effective leadership. Its effectiveness in the improvement of the quality of performance of the CCS Group because it uses the least preferred co-worker scale for assessing the attitude of the leader by asking the leader about the individual they would wish to unite in their work. The trait theories of leadership indicate that leaders who are regarded as effective tend to share common traits and personalities. This is effective in the CCS Group of organizations because the majority of leaders at the organization is self confidence, honest, intelligent, and are self driven.

Article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Article review - Essay Example Despite the fact, that some movies have used the popular genre of the popular culture they did not sell very much. The novel Red Storm Rising and other works of Tom Clancy have sold greatly. Clancy’s novel is the context of thriller style. They have historical lessons and use images and symbols to represent the idea behind the novel. The genre thriller that Clancy used has flourished over time and have best explained the crisis of the civilization during that century. The foundation for modern thriller was laid down by Joseph Conrad, John Bunchan and Eskrine Childers. Walter (4) examines the work of the three writers and places them as those of modern thriller. Authors like Eric Ambler rose up and started writing real literature instead of the mere spy tales. They involved moral characteristic in their tales and they used the heroic formula to develop the theme in their story. The Americans had become fond of the British tales, but when writers like Mickey Spillane did a book in American style it sold much. The United State became become domestic communism, and they read more of these books. Walter present works of the writer and movies that have sold due to their thriller genre. The Red Storm Rising is one of those books that see the writer winning the award and selling a number of volumes. Walter says that the thriller style of doing movies and writing stories has seen many books sell even in America. Walter presents quite a number of works that have been done. He presents Reagan the administrator is represented in Clacy’s text like a cult of national security. Walter analyzes the book Red Storm Arising. The use of popular character Clancy novel makes them sell. Reagan popularity makes Clancy novel sell. Clancy uses immensely powerful themes that involve the Americans culture. This success is seen by the popularity that they have. We are able to admire Clancy heroes and these keeps us to want to read more

History - Civil War and Dictatorship in Spain - Was it justified to Essay

History - Civil War and Dictatorship in Spain - Was it justified to describe the international volunteers who fought for the Republic during the Spanish Civil W - Essay Example What do we mean with the term ‘Moscow’? How is ‘Moscow’ linked to the civil war? What and who were the international volunteers and what were their links with ‘Moscow’? And lastly, what did the volunteers fight for and did they know what they were fighting for? There are several views on what the war was about. Rather than expound in such a short paper the wide range of perspectives depending on which side of the political and social spectrum lies each viewer and opinion giver, it may be sufficient for our purposes to identify two of the extremist views about the Spanish civil war. On one side are people like Beevor (1983) who view the civil war as a military uprising against a legitimate communist government that was carrying out a revolution as part of a Marxist class struggle aimed at reforming the corrupt economic and social structures of the time. Inspired by the success of the 1917 Russian revolution and driven by new ideologies for the liberation of peoples, several agents of change inside and outside Spain saw the Russian model as an applicable and pragmatic solution to social problems. The people (proletariat), therefore, fought back and waged war against a military force that wanted to topple the legitimately elected government. On the other side you Arrarà ¡s (1968) and Carroll (1996) who see the civil war as a crusade fought to preserve Spain’s culture, mainly their religion, and poetically compares it with the country’s long 700-year war against Islam (Artieta 33). Carroll claims (6) that contrary to declarations by the politician who would later on become the President of Spain, Manuel Azaà ±a, who in a major speech in October 1931 stated that â€Å"Spain had ceased to be Catholic† (Payne 49), most Spaniards remained devoted to their Catholic religion. For Carroll, therefore, the majority of the people supported the military in the civil war. Spain in the 1930s was in turmoil, as were other European nations after

Kilbrandon: Punitive approach to justice in Scotland.

Kilbrandon: Punitive approach to justice in Scotland. This essay will critically evaluate the Kilbrandon ethos and will examine the proposed integrative, welfare-orientated approach in the decision making concerning children and their welfare. It will also take into account the recent moves towards a more punitive approach and the response concerning this modification. The Kilbrandon Report was established in 1964 by Lord Kilbrandon. Kilbrandon reviewed the existing juvenile justice system and felt the need to implement a new innovative radical approach to help deal with the existing juvenile delinquency and school truanting in Scotland. By analysing the courts records of child offenders the aforementioned highlighted that the majority of those individuals came from unfortunate backgrounds and may possibly have experienced various situations within their young lives. (Lockyer, A. Stone, F.H. 1998) It is necessary to look at where the child centred approach arose from and what this meant for the criminal justice system as a whole. The 1908 Childrens Act (UK) was known as the first Childrens Charter in Scotland due to the impact it had and the concern it showed for childrens individual rights. As a result of this act the death sentence was abolished for children and imprisonment for children dealt with in a more acceptable manner. The separation of juvenile and adults courts was looked upon as the way forward by means of looking at childrens needs in a more specific manner, thus forming the basis of child protection. The idea behind child protection was to protect them from harm, neglect or cruelty however; this sometimes meant having to remove the child from the family home. Over the next few years there were various areas of progress which led to the evolvement of the Children and Young Persons (S) Act 1937. This act defined a child as being under the age of 14 and the crimina l responsibility age rose from seven years to eight years of age. The criminal age in Scotland has risen to 12 years of age 10 for the rest of the UK. A child aged between 14 and 17 was then known as a young person. The 1937 act saw the separation of children and young people and implemented different ways in dealing with various behaviours or offending. (Hothersall, S. 2005) The post war years saw a number of issues surface and prompted the government to take action in regards to their stance on dealing with the welfare of children and young people within society. In 1961 Lord Kilbrandon proposed to implement a new welfare based system which was produced in 1964 and which was included into legislation by 1968, this approach would take a holistic approach to those matters which caused the greatest concern of that of children and young people within society. The primary aim was to focus on children who were in need of help or care, persistent truants or beyond the control of their parents. His approach would examine how offending issues and how the lack of social education had played a vital role in juvenile offending and deviant behaviour. As a result of this the recommendation by the committee it was put forward which would form the basis of the Social Work Act 1968. Their main aim was to recognise and take responsibility for community welfare; in conjunction with this the childrens hearing system would take societys failures into consideration. (Action for children 2009) Kilbrandon based his approach upon needs not deeds and believed that those children who were brought before the justice system or who were in need of care warranted intervention and the prevention of criminalisation to avoid stigmatisation. His beliefs and principles were child centred and seen to be in the childs best interest. (Mcara, L. 2005) The main principle on which the ethos structure was based upon was by taking into regards any decision made in respects to the childrens welfare as it should be primarily based upon the best interests of the child and their overall needs. The system should not take into account what the child has done, past or present. The change to the system helped to define who was in need of compulsory measures of care regardless of whether they had been abused or had committed offences. (Muncie, J. Goldson, B. 2006) The welfare approach has the option to modify the approach in cases of serious offences. Each remedy is not always going to be the same as it is not possible due to the similar influences and demises in a childs life. The Kilbrandon philosophy unfortunately attracts high expectations and sometimes these expectations can be thwarted. Kilbrandons ethos is based on taking the childs needs into consideration and trying to work with families and agencies to give the child the care and support they need and to try and keep families together as much as possible, sometimes this option is not possible. By using the forward thinking approach in regards to preventative measures it allows the childs needs to be examined. So would introducing a more punitive system be the answer? Do children have to separate from their families to be rehabilitated and cared for? Helping with educational and behavioural problems would certainly be a challenge but would definitely help to build confidences and aid the principle of rehabilitation. Early intervention strategies could certainly prove useful in the prevention of further offending. (As cited in Croall, H. et al 2010) By introducing the new innovative system Scotland was fast becoming a country with a unique childrens hearing system in place. The childrens hearing system was put together from three carefully selected volunteer lay members and trained volunteers from all walks of life and with varying life experiences from the local community. (SCRA) The system furthermore involved the guidance of a trained individual, the Reporter who was required to give advice on procedures and legal issues concerning the hearing and oversee the overall hearing process. An important aspect when considering what decision has to be made comes from the understanding and the investigation of contributing factors leading to the childs or families problems. The panel has to consider each aspect just as important as the next and by listening to the viewpoints of others involved can help make the decision process marginally easier. As the members of the lay party are from the local community it allows their input on the decision to be taken into consideration in conjunction with the involvement of detached professionals, the childs family and the childs own rights. (SCRA) Although, Scotland has long been admired for its approach towards youth offending by working in conjunction with multi-agencies on a child centred approach its unique child welfare approach has at no time had its system reviewed. (Action for children, 2004). Times have changed and so has the challenges that children and young people face within society. Society has also seen a change in family circumstances which include divorce, single parent families, and alcohol and drug abuse problems. There are also the underlying factors to consider which may include child abuse, neglect, delinquency, truancy and poverty. As a consequence of this questions are arising as to whether the system Scotland has in place to deal with young offenders is still viable. In 2002 NCH Scotland carried out its own inquiry into Scotlands hearing system and the results were made available in 2004 for evaluation. The inquiry did however highlight the fact that the system itself was solid nevertheless; there were a number of recommendations put forward to help with certain weaknesses within the system. (Action for children, 2004). According to SACRO the childrens hearing system is not failing but they suggest however, due to the lack of resources available this is having an adverse effect on the effectiveness of the overall system. SACRO also believe that there should be a single system in place to take on a holistic overview of the issues involved instead on focusing primarily on a welfarist approach. By introducing a more effective element of restorative justice this may well assist in allowing the youth justice system to achieve this aspect of concern. (SACRO ) The perceived strengths of the Kilbrandon report includes various aspects which most individuals today would consider as expected however, there are those who may feel that the system is too soft and could be more punitive. The strengths of the report include: needs and deeds, a holistic approach, child centred and welfare focused, an informal hearing system, protection of children and young people, multi-agency working including the family where possible and dealing with care and protection issues of the children and young people. (Phillips, S. 2008) However, the report does highlight various weaknesses which include: the lack of resources available, the families lack of knowledge in relation to the system and the lack of the panels understanding of the families. Poorly trained panel members, some families not being included in the decision making, lack of social workers and also the formality of the system can be intimidating for the children and young people involved. One major concern is the fact that the system does not work successfully when it is dealing with school related issues including truanting and school refusal. An important issue that has an impact on the justice system is the financial backing as this has been said to have an adverse effect on the youth justice system. (Muncie, J. 2004) So what exactly is Justice? Justice is regarded as what has the best consequences. Created by the public and authorities it is enforceable rules and legislations, it is there to protect society by showing what is fair and what is wrong and the latter resulting in punishment. Justice itself is there to be enforced upon when groups or individuals need it to be. However, Justice for children can be looked upon as providing the opportunity of equality to help the child or young person improve their prospects in prospective safe and caring surroundings. (Goldson, B. 2008) An important issue that has become apparent over the years is the large increase of referrals in relation to care and protection cases compared to that of offending within the childrens hearing system. The NCH enquiry 2002 highlighted the need for the mainstream and preventative services to improve efficiencies and address the number of cases being sent to the childrens hearing system. (Action for children, 2004) When examining the alternative systems of dealing with young offenders in Scotland the NCH 2002 enquiry compared Scotlands system to that of England and Wales. Both of these countries are seen to have a more punitive approach when dealing with youth justice. The results indicated a higher number of young offenders detained within prison establishments, and a higher number of deterrents and confinement orders in place in relation to working towards rehabilitation in comparison with Scotland. The figures gathered indicated an overall increase of 800% of twelve to fourteen years over a ten year period due to the increase of sentences and imposition prison placed on these young people in England and Wales. However, the adverse effect of these figures is the fact that many of these young people may find themselves segregated from others, bullied or may be more likely to self-harm. The NCH looked at these figures not as a success towards offending behaviour as the recidivism rate in England and Wales was between 72/90%, but alternatively as unsuitable and an ineffective form of punitive punishment for children and young people. They believe that the more a child is punished by the justice system the more likely the chance of the child becoming further involved within the justice system itself and only adding to the likely hood of reoffending in the future. (Action for children, 2004) Implementing a more punitive approach within Scotlands youth justice system would also prove to be costly as the figures indicated that in 2002 England and Wales spent in the region of  £207 million on custodial sentences compared to that of their community based community rehabilitation programmes which cost  £76 million. The cost itself made the copying of their punitive approach an undesirable option for Scotland. (Action for children, 2004) The NCHs report in 2002 recommended that the Childrens hearing system continue to reach its full potential and by continuing to use its holistic and understanding approach when dealing with children and young people it would no doubt be more effective than introducing a more punitive approach. (Action for children, 2004) What has become clearer over the years is the matter of dealing with young people aged between 16 and 17 years of age. In 2004 Scotland introduced two pilot youth courts one in Hamilton and one in Airdrie. Their main aim was to tackle youth crime in a more effective and severe manner. The objectives included social inclusion, reduction of the offending frequency of 16 and 17 year olds and the seriousness of their crimes. A fast track procedure was put in place for those individuals appearing before the youth court. By testing the existing legislation the courts would be able to demonstrate their effectiveness and whether deemed appropriate when dealing with young offenders. Overall the prospect of youth courts looked at enhancing safety within the community and dealing with those involved in persistent offending within high crime areas. (The Scottish Government, 2006) An evaluation between June 2003 and December 2004 of Hamilton youth court recorded a total of 611 cases 402 of those cases involved young people. Airdrie youth court was evaluated between June 2004 and December 2005 and a total of 543 cases were recorded of which 341 involved young people. Those involved were aged between 16 and 17 years of age and were primarily male who were prosecuted on single occasions. (The Scottish Government, 2006) Most of those who appeared before the youth courts had low attainment levels and many admitted to drink or drug misuse. Cases brought before the youth courts included assault, possession of drugs, carrying of offensive weapons or most commonly breach of the peace. Most of the young people who appeared before the youth court were granted bail or ordained to appear before the court. Sentencing of young people included the use of electronic monitoring (tagging) as a condition of their bail release or they may have incurred a police monitored curfew. (The Scottish Government, 2006) The overall analysis of the youth court pilot scheme in Airdrie indicated that the use of community based social work disposals dropped and the execution of prison sentences rose. However, in Hamilton there was not a noticeable difference in the use of disposals highlighting the fact that community service and detention issues were better served within the youth court rather than the Sherriff court. Through the introduction of these youth courts they have proved a success when dealing with young people and they are receiving a wider range of resources and services. Nevertheless, the report has suggested that there is a need for further clarity to determine who exactly the youth courts are for. (The Scottish Government, 2006) According to Barnett 1977 the main objective in dealing with offenders should not be to punish, not even to re-educate but to repair or to compensate for the harm caused by the offence (as cited in Lockyer, A Stone, F.H 1998, p248) Believers in restorative justice consider this type of scheme useful when dealing with young offenders. By focusing on the damage the crime has caused an individual or a community it could work towards resolving and restoring the damage caused. The main aim of restorative justice is to primarily concentrate on the victim and not the offender although measures will be incorporated to aid the integration the offender back into the community. However, merging the Kilbrandon philosophy and restorative justice measures for some may raise concerns. (Lockyer, A Stone, F.H 1998) The Kilbrandon Ethos is humane and provides a caring and understanding system for those children and young people involved in it. The fact that the system helps to support the child and rehabilitate when necessary enforces the child centred approach and by comparing the system to that of the one in England and Wales can only highlight the differences in relation to recidivism. The system needs to have the funding in place to help improve the service it offers at present. By providing the family with a proper understanding of the hearing system would allow the involvement with decision making. Overall the Kilbrandon approach deems to be more effective than imposing punitive measures. By further educating and improving communication within the various agencies would help improve the decisions made and the number of cases put before the system. What also has to be addressed is the vulnerable age group of those aged 16 and 17 years. They are not seen as children or adults and so the syst em needs to take into consideration the needs of this age group and deal with the young people in an effective and efficient manner.

Sigmund Freuds The Interpretation of Dreams Essay -- Papers

Sigmund Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams Sigmund Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams was originally published in 1900. The era was one of prudish Victorians. It was also the age of the continued Enlightenment. The New Formula of science, along with the legacy of Comte’s Positivism, had a firm hold on the burgeoning discipline of psychology. Freud was groomed as both scientist and Romantic, but his life’s work reflected conflict of the two backgrounds and a reaction against each one. It is my opinion that The Interpretation of Dreams was not simply written as a methodology of deconstructing dreams and assigning them meaning, but its latent content (as it were) was a critique of science’s New Formula, and was designed to question, and even undermine, the possibility of objective methodology in psychology, and indeed in the sciences as a whole. The importance of his innovations were wholly unappreciated; Freud was an anomaly. Many of his contemporaries rejected his work on the grounds of invalid methodology and inconsistency. Neurologists and psychiatrists today still continue to discount his theories. The point of Freud’s subversion of contemporary mental science, was, however, quite missed, and many critics and reviewers continue to systemically assail his work, utterly oblivious to the inclusive meaning of his theories, rather than the meanings of his words themselves. Clinical studies convinced Freud that hysterical symptoms could be analyzed and deconstructed to understandable statements expressive of some underlying and utterly logical thought. From this interest, Freud embarked on a comprehensive study of dreams, and in the process, created a theory that drew meaningful attention to the unconscious, a previousl... ...ertain concepts, such as depth of mind, latent meanings, wish-fulfilments, etc.,--all of which remain valuable in themselves, in spite of Freud’s parallel objective of crushing positivistic natural science. Freud’s work has provided a paradigm through historical findings and future investigations, leaving him as pioneer of the unconscious through his unmasking of dreams. And lastly, in spite of science and philosophy’s tendencies to exploit the theory’s weaknesses instead of strengths, the deeper aim of the text, as unmasker of Positivism’s weaknesses, can no longer be ignored in its hermeneutic exploration. Bibliography: Reference List Freud, Sigmund. (1971). The Interpretation of Dreams, Volume IV,1900. London: The Hogarth Press. Freud, Sigmund. (1968). The Interpretation of Dreams, Volume V. 1900-01. London: The Hogarth Press.

Bowling Ethnography

Heather Dooley 10 Pound Balls We tend to think that bowling is a very simple and boring sport played by only older men. I did my fieldwork at a bowling alley during two different leagues to explore the different social interactions among bowlers. I learned that bowling is not limited to one specific age group or gender. I also discovered there is a unique hierarchy among the bowlers that is not determined by their age or gender. This social status is dependent upon their bowling average, type of ball used, and the weight of their balls. I found there were many other social interactions that occurred between smaller groups of bowlers such as teammates. I first entered the field during a Wednesday night bowling league. The bowling alley was filled with mostly men. I walked the length of the building and couldn’t find any women bowling. I soon found out this was a men only bowling league. I was told there was also a women only bowling league that occurred on Tuesday’s. The majority of the men bowling were middle-aged or older. However, there were a lot of men in their twenties bowling as well. On my second entry into the field it was during a Friday night bowling league. On this night the bowlers were all different ages but with a majority of younger men and women in their twenties. When I walked the length of the bowling alley that night I counted almost an equal amount of women as I did men. In this league it was required to have at least two or three women on each team. This is called a mixed league. On the third night of observations, my second Wednesday night, I sat down at a table with a team of bowlers. Three were in their twenties and two were in their late forties. While I was talking to one of the younger men I told him how I noticed a lot less women in this league then the Friday night league. I asked what the requirements were, if any, to join either league. He said â€Å"In order to join this league you had to have a 180 average. † He also told me this league was more competitive because it was only men and because they had the average requirement. This league has a larger amount of money to be won at the end of the season because of the competitiveness. When the bowler referred to average he meant the average amount of pins he will usually knock down during three games. Every game you have the opportunity to knock down 120 pins. Each game played has ten frames. The term frames means each turn all the bowlers take. Every frame the bowler has the chance to knock down ten pins. If you knock down all ten pins at once this is called a strike. When you bowl a strike it earns you more then ten points. If you bowl a strike for every frame you can receive a 300 game. This is the highest score you can reach and it is very difficult to achieve. Strike Terminology: 1 – Strike 2 – Double 3 – Turkey 4 – Four Bagger 5 – Five Bagger 6 – Six Bagger 7 – Seven Bagger 8 – Eight Bagger 9 – Nine Bagger 10 – Ten Bagger 11 – Eleven Bagger 12 – Twelve Bagger I discovered the main way bowlers judge each other’s skills is through the average they hold. Someone with a 250 average considers himself a better bowler then someone with a 185 average, even if the lower average bowler beats him in a game. Another form of bowling hierarchy is determined by the type of ball you use. Some bowlers will pay anywhere between $250 to more than $300 for just one ball! I learned that there are different types of bowling balls made to help you throw the ball a certain way. Some people may buy a ball they can throw straight better and others buy balls they can throw with a curve better. While I was sitting at the table with the bowlers I overheard a couple of them talking about their balls. Some men used them as a way to brag to the other men. They would say the reason another man is bowling so bad is because he has a bad, cheap ball. I also noticed the men bowlers would use the weight of their balls to poke fun at the other bowlers. They will compare their ball’s weight to their manhood or manliness. For instance, â€Å"Wow, you’re only using that little ten pound ball. Did you borrow that from your girlfriend? † â€Å"Careful carrying that big sixteen pound ball you might not be big enough for that yet. † [pic] There are many different kinds of socialization among the bowlers. They joke and tease each other, give tips on how to bowl better and they also play card games with their teammates. There are two different types of games played among the different leagues. On Wednesday night they play a game called Kiddy Pot. This is a money game played by the men bowlers only that corresponds to how well you are playing. If you miss the five pin, throw a gutter ball, or miss the head pin twice you lose a dollar. If you are hung, which in bowling terms means four members of your team strike or split during the same frame but one does not, then the person who misses the strike loses two dollars. If all five members of the team strike during the frame, the next frame whoever misses the strike loses a dollar. At the end of the season all of the money lost playing this game is split among the players of the team evenly. [pic] [pic] The Friday night bowling league plays a different game. This game is set up like poker. Every member of the team who throws a strike or a split will get a card from the deck. If you miss a spare or have an open frame then a card is taken away from your pile. At the end of each game the person with the best poker hand wins. Usually any women who play this game don’t lose a card if they miss a spare or have an open frame. I learned that bowling is a very complex social structure with its own set of socialization rules and terms. It is not gender or age specific. Bowlers have their own private language they use to communicate towards one another. They are generally accepting of outsiders joining in on their conversations and own private jokes. Is there more I could learn my entering the field and joining a league myself?

How Hurricanes Form in the Sahara Desert

How Hurricanes Form in the Sahara Desert In the United States, the eastern and Gulf coasts are in danger of being slammed by hurricanes from June through November because the waters in the North Atlantic Ocean are typically at their warmest while the Sahara is at its hottest during the same time period. A hurricane is a complex weather system that can be simply explained as a funnel of warm, wet air. It is a non-frontal system whose air has a distinct circular flow. One starts forming  for the United States when hot air over the Sahara is released into the North Atlantic. The Sahara The Sahara, whose land mass is almost that of the continental United States, is the largest â€Å"hot† desert in the world. It is also the second largest desert overall and covers 10 percent of the African continent. (Antarctica is the largest desert in the world and is classified as a â€Å"cold† desert.) In the Sahara, the day-night-day temperatures can swing 30 degrees in a few hours. Great swirling winds over the Sahara carry sand  over the Mediterranean, bringing storms into England, and drop sand on the beaches of eastern Florida.   The Sahara-Hurricane Connection The temperatures of the land mass of western North Africa grows  hot, and the air over this area rises to create the African easterly jet. A column of hot air swirls upward three miles and spreads as it races to the continents  west coast, where it dips toward the ocean. The air picks up moisture from the warm water  and continues its race westward. The flow of the ocean and the spin of Earth combined with the dry winds of the desert and the warm, moist air off the Atlantic horse latitudes make this desert-born weather grow. As a  weather system travels across the Atlantic, it spins and flies over the water and can grow in intensity as it picks up moisture, especially when it arrives in the area of Central America and the warm Eastern Pacific waters. Tropical Storms vs. Hurricanes When wind speeds in the weather system are less than 39 miles per hour, it is classified as a tropical depression. At 39 to 73 miles per hour, it is a tropical storm, if its winds are rotating. This is the point where the World Meteorological Association gives the storm a name, on a predetermined schedule that refreshes names every six years, alternating male and female names in alphabetical order. Next up the storm intensity scale after tropical storms are hurricanes.  The lowest category of hurricanes happens at 74 miles per hour, category 1. Sometimes tropical storms and hurricanes spend their life out over the open ocean, never reaching landfall. When they do hit  land, tropical storms and hurricanes can do great damage through spawning thunderstorms that cause flooding and tornadoes.  When a hurricane  was big enough to cause a lot of damage, then the name is retired and a new name replaces it on the list. Contributed by Associate Writer Sharon Tomlinson

Descriptive on Norway Essays

Descriptive on Norway Essays Descriptive on Norway Essay Descriptive on Norway Essay Oslo: the blue, the green, the city in between Lucie gafratov? ¤ Carolina Sanchez Charlotte Parr? © Graziella Maria Ottarda Buskerud University College TABLE OF CONTENTS: TABLE OF CONTENTS: 2 I-BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT THE EVENT: 3 Ill-ANALYSIS OF THE MARKETING ENVIRONEMENT WITH TOURISM TO JUSTIFY OUR TARGET MARKET: 5 1) competitors: 6 IV-DISCUSSION OF SEGMENTATION AND POSITIONING: 6 V-DETAILED ANALYSIS OF OUR TARGET MARKET: 7 VI-THE 4 ps (PRODUCT, PLACE, PROMOTION, PRICE): 7 1) prices: 7 2) Place: 9 3) Promotion: 10 4) Product: 11 VII-CONCLUSION: 12 References: 13 I-BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT THE EVENT: Oslo is the richest growing city in Europe. It is now evaluating the possibility of organizing the winter Olympic games 2022. In fact, the city council decided to establish the city Agency Os102022 which main task is to develop a plan for the winter games. Oslo is possibly the only city in the world to be able to organize the winter Olympic games in an urban setting. Indeed, it has a special location between fjords and forests, and for this reason the theme of the Olympic games will be: Games in Oslo has become a multicultural city, which attracts people from all over the world. One of the main points of the plan is how this Olympic games can help the city to improve its structures, and how will it be the after-use of the facilities that will be built for the games? Lots of sports facilities will be built; planning, development and staging in the 2022 event will increase competence in many areas. Olympic games values promote equal rights, friendship and solidarity; Norway has solid traditions that mirror these values. Olympics are a combination of sport, education and culture, so games could be a positive impact in society. The games are a unique opportunity o present Norway like an exciting country for winter sports. Lots of facilities will be built there such as the Athletes Village, the Media Village, the Main Press centre, a new train station; the cycling and walking paths will also be extended. Furthermore, after the games villages will be sold, converted in student housing or in nursing homes. Most of the competitions will be staged in Oslo, but some of them will be organised in Lillehammer. The city council calculate that public expenditures related to 2022 Olympic Winter Games will total between 20 and 23 billion Norwegian Crowns. Public sector costs are related to planning and staging of the Olympics, as well as investments in permanent facilities. Finally, Olympic games are the most important goal in an athlete career. Athletes are important in inspiring people to take part in sport, sport is a universal language, and it is a good opportunity to establish relation with other people. l- INTRODUCTION: Since the dawn of time Norway intends was always about protecting its natural heritage by linking together the notion of ecology and education. Indeed Norway has a unique relationship with nature. Ecological habits are integrated into everyday life, in education as well as in the common rules of living together; recycling is taught from childhood, cycling is extremely widespread, and children learn about plants and animals from a very young age. Cities in nature, and not nature in the city is the motto of city planners in Norway. Being Green, saving our environment and eco- tourism was for us a duty and evidence when we created our tour in Norway. In accordance with the environment rules and Norway belief: Water Conservation Energy Efficiency/Conservation Eco-Friendly Landscape Eco-Friendly Purchasing Practices Waste Reduction/Recycling Our choice went for dog-sledding, which with its minimal carbon print and low impact on the environment was for us the best way to discover Norway in all its glory. Dog sledding is your chance to see nature up close and personal. With no noise or smell from a gas powered engine you will feel connected to the wildlife of our country. Dog sledding is eco-friendly! Help us in protecting planet Earth. Therefore we decided to use the strategic placing of many Olympic venues at the dge of the city to create a great transportation alternative of getting around the city. Dog mushing offers an experience from northern Norway Just in the capital of the country. It fits completely to the whole Olympic concept and its desire to attract plenty of different kind of visitors. Thus, one of the most important advantages is our transportation, which doesnt harm the nature and provides a close contact with it. Still it is relatively quick because it does not need the urban infrastructures and goes by the most direct way from place A to place B. We choose four venues at the edge of Oslo and three venues, including the city centre, in Lillehammer, which were the most suitable. We eliminated some of the venues like KvitfJell since it was too far for our mean of transport and some halls and stadiums in the urban area of Oslo for their inaccessibility. A dog mushing tour from one venue to another is attractive for so many types of the Olympic visitors of Norway. We are focusing mainly on families with children, couples of all ages and simply anyone who is fond of the Norwegian Olympic concept, the environment and belonging mostly into the middle-income roup at least. Ill-ANALYSIS OF THE MARKETING ENVIRONEMENT WITH TOURISM TO JUSTIFY OUR TARGET MARKET: Olympic games could have a powerful impact in promoting a city, and many factors that determine the long-term impact of games are beyond the host city control. Last winter Olympic games were hosted in Vancouver in February and March 2010, a report done by PriceWhterhouseCoopers show that 650. 000 visitors arrived in Canada for the games, 242. 000 visitors were from Canada, 324. 000 from United States and 83. 000 visitors from other countries. Lots of Canadian support the Olympic games nd 9 out of 10 indicates that Olympic games had a positive impact on tourism. About 2/3 of tourists for the Olympic game in London were from Europe, we think that this trend will be confirmed also for the Olympic game in Oslo, tourist attraction increase after the Olympic game thanks to the new infrastructures built and the advertisement done for the games in fact also data from euromonitor shows that in Norway the majority of tourist come from Europe or from the region. Lots of tourists visiting the city. We think that for these people who will come here during the games, ur offer could be a great opportunity to know some traditions of Oslo. There are a lot of different kind of tourists who come for the Olympic game: families and their babies (in Norway birth rate is very high and there are lot of policy in favour of families), young people, couples and singles of all ages, people interested in sports, reporters, athletes, local people or volunteers. 1) Competitors: In the South of Norway we can find operator in Telemark region, and in Sirdal there is the Sirdal Husky farm. In Bykle near Hovden we can find Hundespann operator. We hink that competitors would not influence our offer because they arent that close to Lillehammer or Oslo. IV-DISCUSSION OF SEGMENTATION AND POSITIONING: The marketing segmentation is a strategy that involves dividing a board target market into subset of consumers, who have common needs, and then designing and implementing strategies to target their needs. Segmentation is useful to maximise financial resources, there is not a correct unique way to segment a market but there are four methods to segment consumer market: geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioural. We thought that we could do a psychographic and behavioural segmentation. There are lots of different kinds of tourists that are attracted in Oslo for the games: People who have middle high income (high budget traveller) Couple and single people interested in sport People who dont need a fast way to transfer from one attraction to an other (tourists and not athletes) People interested to protect environment and dogs (eco-friendly) and who want use green means of transport Families Young people Reporters Local people Volunteers We think that there are great possibilities for our project to reach different kind of ourist in particular high budget traveller because our offer is quite expensive, but also families with children who are very attracted by this kind of experience. Moreover this offer could attract people interested in nature, green means of transport and to discover Norwegian traditions in a pleasant way. We think that these groups of people are the most important for us. We also believe that athletes, media, volunteer are not interested in our p rogram because they dont have enough time during the competitions. Our positioning is high, because to do this program tourists have to pay a lot. Targeting a market means selecting the most attractive segments and developing a marketing strategy ad hoc for this target. For a segment to be targeted it needs to fulfil certain criteria: accessibility, values, needs and wants of segmentation must be compatible with the offer; the target must be large enough to support the business and for these reason it must be measurable. It also must be relevant, homogeneous and durable. Our target market is represented by: People interested in dogs and nature People who want to find a greens means of transport Family with babies, they usually be fascinated by dog People who visited Norway for the fist time and want to discover traditions People with high income We think that this group of people is large enough and could guarantee the success of our offers. Family with babies will be very important for us because we will offer great opportunity for them to have fun. VI-THE 4 ps (PRODUCT, PLACE, PROMOTION, PRICE): 1) Prices: Our company propose you two destination to go by dog sledding in Norway, which host some parts of the Olympic Games. Oslo: The first trip offered will make you experience the capital, Oslo, suburbs. Indeed, our eeting point is at Wyller a Vinterpark in Oslo west and will finish in the east at Huken. Our Journey will make you discover two other cities Holmenkollen and Grefsenkollen and the mountains between them. General information: -Duration: 2h30min -Difficulty: Easy -Accessibility: From 2 years old -Weight limit: 240 pounds (140kg) -Price per person: NOK 900 Adult (from 10 years to older) NOK 450 Children (from 2 to 9 years) Lillehammer: The second trip proposes a taste of a Norway more rustic and less populate. From Lillehammer to HafJell with a stop in on of the most beautiful city Hunderfossen, this our will be a true breath of fresh air. General information: -Duration: 2h -Price per person: NOK 800 Adult (from 10 years to older) NOK 400 Children (from 2 to 9 years) Furthermore, we understand that a daytrip might be too long for certain person. To answer the need of our entire customer we decided to create a tour where you have the opportunity of visiting only one or two cities. The price will depend on your destination. Further information: In accordance with the price, our company put to your disposal accommodations along the trip, to make it as confortable as possible. Whats included? Dog-sledding tour (as rider/ passenger) -Experienced musher guidance -Halfway break with picture and petting timeo -Warm suit and pelt (for the passenger) -Visit of the kennel with introduction to each dog -Learn the musher required skills and basics Dog commands -Lots of participation and Fun -Certainly your best day in Norway! If you have any questions, do not hesitate to contact us! 2) Place: Our facility is meant to be located both in Oslo and Lillehammer. In Oslo we plan to connect Vinterpark Wyller (boardercross, skicross, halfpipe, slopestyle and slalom isciplines), Holmenkollen (ski Jumping, cross country skiing and Nordic combination), Grefsenkollen (aerials, moguls) and Huken (biathlon). These venues are situated at the edge of the city, so the tracks wouldnt be led through the built up area and the clients would have a nice view of the city from the hills. It represents a smart way of getting around the city faster than walking, more convenient and greener than the public transport or even going by car. We are not planning to add more of the venues in Oslo now, because our offer might lose its attractively and uniqueness. nd the city would be Joined. The last place, KvitfJell, is out of the game now, as its very remote for our type of transportation. The choice of our placing is representing our idea of providing an exclusive moment in an Olympic day to get the feeling of other type of experience. We dont tend to have half-day or even longer trips, which gives us the ability to be flexible and fast to be ready in our supply of the service. The main way of selling our product is the direct one on the Internet and personally at our track stops near the venues: Holmenkollen, Wyller, Grefsenkollen, Huken, HafJell, Hunderfossen ans Lillehammer city. However, its good to have reseller as just separately, or we can cooperate with tourist information offices as well. 3) Promotion: Promotion is one of the most important parts of marketing strategy because influence intermediaries opinions and increase awareness of service. Promotion includes elements such as: advertisement, sales promotion, personal selling, public relations and direct marketing. Our most important way to promote ourselves will be the creation of our website where we will put all the information about us. We use ifferent way to promote our offer: On line marketing: banner in the Olympic webpages, banner in sport web site and site that will show games on line Brochures in tourist information offices, and tourist agencies, and some brochures will be distributed by promoters during every event Posters in public transport, in the main street of Oslo and Lillehammer (such as Karl Johans gate), at the venues (such as stadium, halls), in ticket sellers place, Commercials on TVs and radio, and on newspaper In every adds there is a QR code that tourist can use to access to our website directly o have more information about our offer and to know the nearest point where they can do this activity. We will also use SEM strategy to put adds on Facebook pages of people interested in Olympics and who have child. We encourage the purchase by using discount coupons for big families with more than 2 children (the third child pays half of our price). 4) product: The service we propose is a new way for th e Olympic Games tourist to travel between its ventures in accordance with the Norwegians state of mind. Therefore, we would like to introduce the mushing-dogs activity. Nowadays we can find 3 classifications of mushing: utilitarian, recreational, or competitive. Thus our service will be utilitarian and recreational since we will use the easiest and most common to travel, with a comfortable sled made of Kevlar and fur. Back in time, French people were the first to usher in the world the knowledge of dogs mushing. Indeed, following the discovery of the Gaspe Peninsula, French men known as coureurs des bois (runner of the woods) learnt the Iroquoiss culture and blended it with their own culture. Dog mushing was then introduced to people. Sled dogs are very similar to wolves in term of shape and size. Sociable and docile they have the same loyalty than dogs and are regarded as pets. We usually see this kind of activity mostly in the North of Norway. Thus, we would like to implant it in the capital, Oslo, for the Joy of Olympic Games tourists. We offer two different trips on the suburb of Oslo. The first will be around Oslo; it will start in Wyller and finish in Huken. The second trip starts in Lillehammer and finish in KvitfJell. The difference between this two will be the scenery, the time it takes to go to one city to another and inally what games you want to watch. Afterward the customer will have to choose the most appropriated according to their wants. Our service will also allow visitors to communicate with dogs, learn to control them and to enjoy one of the most popular transports in Norway. Being connected with the nature and enjoying the best scenery and landscape is a fascinating way of seeing our country. The families or couples can then experience the Norwegians way of life by visiting these places with dog-sledding. On these places you would be able to see he Ski Jump or many snow activities, always in accordance with the Olympic Games. In fact, two of the cities we propose are the most famous ski resort in Norway, HafJell and KvitJell. Since mushing is for everyone, we even have activities destined for the children. They can play with the dogs and take care of them; the parents can also do it! Therefore we decided to create a place where the dogs will be taken care of and if its needed to let them rest for a bit. Furthermore a teaching class will be organised if the tourists want to learn and know more about the mushing and the dogs. This class will explain ow to handle the dogs and some knowledge about what to do in certain situations for your own security. To guarantee our customers security it will not be allowed to ride alone, they will always have a person in charge with them. Thus, the person will provide you some story or explain new things along the way. We decided to choose this activity because we think that it is an opportunity for all the people who want to see in a different way the Olympics Games in Oslo. We believe that it is a completely different experience, funnier to associate with the Olympics Games. To summarize, you have to ry it! Mushing dog activities involve different values: environment respect, fun for children, discover of Norwegian traditions in an unusual way. Olympic games are the main reason to develop this offer but in accordance to the games politics it will be possible to use our structure even after these events, in particular, the building where we take care of the dog and the activities for the children. References: afr. com/p/ olympic_tourism_impact_is_complicated_6fTAPM7KefzR4bOqsSww5L http:// . american. edu/TED/lille. htm olympic. rg/Documents/Games_Vancouver_2010/ Factsheet_Vancouver_legacy_February_2011 _eng. pdf huffingtonpost. ca/ 2011/10/27/vancouver-olympics-economic-benefit_n_1035427. html http:// www. visitnorway. com/en/what-to-do/active-holiday/ridingsledging/let-the-dogs-do- the-work/ 0122. no/ http://goscandinavia. about. com/od/winteractivi ties/tp/dogsleddingnorway. htm http:// www. golinfo. no/en/winter/dog_sleight/ blm. gov/ak/st/en/prog/nlcs/iditarod/history/people/mush_hist. html http:// library. thinkquest. org/TQ0312758/history. htm International Tourist Arrivals: Euromonitor from trade sources/national statistics

Personal Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Change - Essay Example no longer loved my grandmother; instead, it was the result of the fact that she no longer spent so much time watching me due to the fact that I grew up and no longer needed such a high level of care. The ending to the situation came about right after my grandmother had a stroke. It was at this point that she was no longer capable of taking care of herself and required nearly constant care by either a loved one or a professional caretaker. As the situation progressed, I reclused into a type of neutral zone where the feelings, thoughts, and childhood closeness I shared with my grandmother were but a distant memory; although a happy one. Due to the fact that she was just a shell of her former self during this time, it was impossible for me to rebuild the relationship we had once enjoyed during my youth. It was at this point that I made the fateful decision to withdraw myself from her and not spend the time that I would have been happy to spend with her had this occurred during my early youth. Sadly, the new beginning only came after my grandmother had passed away from a second stroke. This new beginning was of course something that I should have realized far sooner but due to my own selfish motives and lack of patience, had not come to grips with yet. Due to my grandmother’s passing, I instantly regretted the fact that I had not made a more concerted effort to be with her during her final years. Although I still loved her deeply, I realized that it was my own selfish nature that had kept us apart and caused me to miss out on the very last chance I would ever have to speak with and spend time with my grandmother. As the old saying goes, â€Å"you never appreciate something until you lose it†. In this way, this new beginning caused me to come to a full and complete appreciation for this as well as purposing within my own mind to not let another such situation occur without me doing all my best to spend the quality time with the loved one prior to the risk of

Financial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Financial Economics - Essay Example ecent finance theory are applicable across countries, much is still to be done to bring out the effect of different institutional features on capital structure choices. Our knowledge of capital structures has mostly been derived from data from developed economies that have many institutional similarities. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the capital structure choices made by companies from developing countries that have different institutional structures (Artikis, 2007). The study also is to examine the determinants that can be used in capital structure choices of firms. This is mainly for small and private firms. In the study, there was use of data obtained from World Bank to determine the differences that exist in capital structure in the countries (DeMarzo & Sannikov, 2004). In accordance with the capital structure theory, the importance of firm level elements of capital structure, tangibility in terms of assets, and profitability of firms and size of companies are brought out. Results are healthy to the different descriptions of size. Large and listed firms can have easy access to finance in developing countries, thus they have higher leverage and higher debt maturities (Bierman, 2003). For small and private firms, access to finance is depended on the conditions of economic environment. Leverage and debt maturities are sensitive to macroeconomic factors. The knowledge on the capital structure in the essay was also used to analyse the choices that are made by institutions, mainly from developing countries that have different structures in their institutions. As in Gordon and Li (2005), profitability is measured using the return on sales (ROS), return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). With respect to leverage, there are several measures in the literature. Following Gordon and Li (2005), the paper considers the following ratios: Total Debt to Total Assets ratio and total debt to equity ratio. From analysis, it was found out that financial